The modern era of Canberra began with a major political milestone: in December 1988, the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) was granted full self-government by the Commonwealth Parliament, a proposal first suggested in 1965. The territory held its first election on 4 March 1989, leading to the formation of a 17-member Legislative Assembly. Initially operating from temporary offices at 1 Constitution Avenue, Civic, the Assembly moved into permanent premises on London Circuit in 1994. The Australian Labor Party formed the ACT’s first government, with Rosemary Follett making history as Australia’s first female head of government. During this period, urban expansion also began in northern districts such as Gungahlin, signaling the city’s growing population and infrastructure.

Canberra has also faced natural challenges in the 21st century. On 18 January 2003, devastating bushfires swept through parts of the city, resulting in four fatalities, 435 injuries, and the destruction of over 500 homes. The fires also damaged key scientific infrastructure, including the Mount Stromlo Observatory telescopes at the Australian National University.

Despite such challenges, Canberra has celebrated significant cultural milestones. The centennial of the city’s naming in 2013 was marked by numerous events, including the unveiling of the Canberra Centenary Column at City Hill on 11 March 2014. Artistic landmarks further defined the city’s identity, such as The Skywhale, a hot air balloon sculpture by Patricia Piccinini, and StellrScope by Eleanor Gates-Stuart. In 2021, Skywhalepapa joined The Skywhale to create a public art installation symbolizing a Skywhale family, celebrated through themed pastries, beer, and music, reflecting Canberra’s creative spirit.

The city’s development and cultural vibrancy have earned international recognition. In 2014, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) named Canberra the best city in the world to live in, and in 2017, Lonely Planet ranked it the third best city to visit globally.

From achieving self-government to embracing art, science, and urban growth, Canberra has matured into a dynamic capital city—balancing administrative responsibility with cultural innovation and international acclaim.